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They are regarded as the most influential band of all time [1] and were integral to the development of s counterculture and popular music 's recognition as an art form. As pioneers in recording , songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.
Led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the Beatles evolved from Lennon's previous group, the Quarrymen , and built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over three years from , initially with Stuart Sutcliffe playing bass. The core trio of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, together since , went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act, and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings, greatly expanding their domestic success after signing to EMI Records and achieving their first hit, " Love Me Do ", in late As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed " Beatlemania ", the band acquired the nickname "the Fab Four", with Epstein, Martin and other members of the band's entourage sometimes given the informal title of " fifth Beatle ".
By early , the Beatles were international stars and had achieved unprecedented levels of critical and commercial success. They became a leading force in Britain's cultural resurgence, ushering in the British Invasion of the United States pop market, and soon made their film debut with A Hard Day's Night A growing desire to refine their studio efforts, coupled with the untenable nature of their concert tours, led to the band's retirement from live performances in At this time, they produced records of greater sophistication, including the albums Rubber Soul , Revolver and Sgt.
Heralding the album era , their success elevated the album to the dominant form of record consumption over singles ; they also inspired a greater public interest in psychedelic drugs and Eastern spirituality, and furthered advancements in electronic music , album art and music videos. In , they founded Apple Corps , a multi-armed multimedia corporation that continues to oversee projects related to the band's legacy.
After the group's break-up in , all principal members enjoyed success as solo artists and some partial reunions have occurred. Lennon was murdered in and Harrison died of lung cancer in McCartney and Starr remain musically active. The Beatles are the best-selling music act of all time , with estimated sales of million units worldwide. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in , and each principal member was inducted individually between and In and , the group topped Rolling Stone ' s lists of the greatest artists in history.
Time magazine named them among the 20th century's most important people. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that another local group were already using the name.
Harrison auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, but Lennon initially thought Harrison was too young. After a month's persistence, during a second meeting arranged by McCartney , Harrison performed the lead guitar part of the instrumental song " Raunchy " on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, [8] and they enlisted him as lead guitarist.
He suggested changing the band's name to Beatals , as a tribute to Buddy Holly and the Crickets. By early July, they had refashioned themselves as the Silver Beatles, and by the middle of August simply the Beatles. Allan Williams , the Beatles' unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg. They auditioned and hired drummer Pete Best in mid-August Koschmider had converted a couple of strip clubs in the district into music venues, and he initially placed the Beatles at the Indra Club.
After closing Indra due to noise complaints, he moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October. During the next two years, the Beatles were resident for periods in Hamburg, where they used Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all-night performances. McCartney took over bass. After the Beatles completed their second Hamburg residency, they enjoyed increasing popularity in Liverpool with the growing Merseybeat movement. However, they were growing tired of the monotony of numerous appearances at the same clubs night after night.
They were fresh, and they were honest, and they had what I thought was a sort of presence Epstein courted the band over the next couple of months, and they appointed him as their manager in January He eventually negotiated a one-month early release in exchange for one last recording session in Hamburg.
To secure a UK record contract, Epstein negotiated an early end to the band's contract with Polydor, in exchange for more recordings backing Tony Sheridan. I Love You ". Martin initially selected the Starr version of "Love Me Do" for the band's first single, though subsequent re-pressings featured the White version, with Starr on tambourine. In December , the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency. It was supplemented by the four tracks already released on their first two singles.
Martin considered recording the LP live at The Cavern Club, but after deciding that the building's acoustics were inadequate, he elected to simulate a "live" album with minimal production in "a single marathon session at Abbey Road". It reached number one on every UK chart except Record Retailer , where it peaked at number two. Recalling how the Beatles "rushed to deliver a debut album, bashing out Please Please Me in a day", AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: "Decades after its release, the album still sounds fresh, precisely because of its intense origins.
And the words were almost irrelevant. Released in March , Please Please Me was the first of eleven consecutive Beatles albums released in the United Kingdom to reach number one. The success brought increased media exposure, to which the Beatles responded with an irreverent and comical attitude that defied the expectations of pop musicians at the time, inspiring even more interest.
Greeted with riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans, the press dubbed the phenomenon " Beatlemania ". In late October, the Beatles began a five-day tour of Sweden, their first time abroad since the final Hamburg engagement of December Around 50 to journalists and photographers, as well as representatives from the BBC , also joined the airport reception, the first of more than such events.
Please Please Me maintained the top position on the Record Retailer chart for 30 weeks, only to be displaced by its follow-up, With the Beatles , [74] which EMI released on 22 November to record advance orders of , copies. The LP topped a half-million albums sold in one week. In a reversal of then standard practice, EMI released the album ahead of the impending single " I Want to Hold Your Hand ", with the song excluded to maximise the single's sales.
EMI's American subsidiary, Capitol Records , hindered the Beatles' releases in the United States for more than a year by initially declining to issue their music, including their first three singles. Concurrent negotiations with the independent US label Vee-Jay led to the release of some, but not all, of the songs in The Beatles , comprising most of the songs of Parlophone's Please Please Me , but a management shake-up led to the album not being released.
The record received some airplay in the Tidewater area of Virginia from Gene Loving of radio station WGH and was featured on the "Rate-a-Record" segment of American Bandstand , but it failed to catch on nationally.
This caused an increase in demand, leading Capitol to bring forward the release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" by three weeks. The Beatles [90] along with Capitol's debut album, Meet the Beatles! On 7 February , the Beatles departed from Heathrow with an estimated 4, fans waving and screaming as the aircraft took off.
Kennedy Airport , an uproarious crowd estimated at 3, greeted them. Biographer Jonathan Gould writes that, according to the Nielsen rating service, it was "the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television program ".
The Beatles' first visit to the US took place when the nation was still mourning the assassination of President John F. Kennedy the previous November. The group's popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music, and many other UK acts subsequently made their American debuts, successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the British Invasion.
Capitol Records' lack of interest throughout did not go unnoticed, and a competitor, United Artists Records , encouraged their film division to offer the Beatles a three-motion-picture deal, primarily for the commercial potential of the soundtracks in the US. United Artists released a full soundtrack album for the North American market, combining Beatles songs and Martin's orchestral score; elsewhere, the group's third studio LP, A Hard Day's Night , contained songs from the film on side one and other new recordings on side two.
All of the disparate influences on their first two albums coalesced into a bright, joyous, original sound, filled with ringing guitars and irresistible melodies. To many of Dylan's followers in the folk music scene, the Beatles were seen as idolaters, not idealists. Within six months of the meeting, according to Gould, "Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan's nasal drone, brittle strum, and introspective vocal persona"; and six months after that, Dylan began performing with a backing band and electric instrumentation , and "dressed in the height of Mod fashion".
During the US tour, the group were confronted with racial segregation in the country at the time. I'd sooner lose our appearance money. According to Gould, the Beatles' fourth studio LP, Beatles for Sale , evidenced a growing conflict between the commercial pressures of their global success and their creative ambitions. Released in early December, its eight original compositions stood out, demonstrating the growing maturity of the Lennon—McCartney songwriting partnership.
I was pretty stunned for a month or two. Harrison's use of psychedelic drugs encouraged his path to meditation and Hinduism. He commented: "For me, it was like a flash. The first time I had acid , it just opened up something in my head that was inside of me, and I realised a lot of things. I didn't learn them because I already knew them, but that happened to be the key that opened the door to reveal them. From the moment I had that, I wanted to have it all the time — these thoughts about the yogis and the Himalayas, and Ravi 's music.
In July, the Beatles' second film, Help! Described as "mainly a relentless spoof of Bond ", [] it inspired a mixed response among both reviewers and the band. McCartney said: " Help! It was fun, but basically, as an idea for a film, it was a bit wrong. The Help! The group's third US tour opened with a performance before a world-record crowd of 55, at New York's Shea Stadium on 15 August — "perhaps the most famous of all Beatles' concerts", in Lewisohn's description. At a show in Atlanta, the Beatles gave one of the first live performances ever to make use of a foldback system of on-stage monitor speakers.
In mid-October, the Beatles entered the recording studio; for the first time when making an album, they had an extended period without other major commitments. Now we were really beginning to think about albums as a bit of art on their own. And because they were writing different material, we were playing differently. As the lyrics grew more artful, fans began to study them for deeper meaning.
While some of Rubber Soul ' s songs were the product of Lennon and McCartney's collaborative songwriting, [] the album also included distinct compositions from each, [] though they continued to share official credit.
Capitol Records, from December when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, [83] compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. According to Beatles biographer Bill Harry , it has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had "butchered" the US versions of the band's albums.
During a tour of the Philippines the month after the Yesterday and Today furore, the Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady, Imelda Marcos , who had expected them to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace. The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty.
We're more popular than Jesus now; I don't know which will go first — rock 'n' roll or Christianity. Almost as soon as they returned home, the Beatles faced a fierce backlash from US religious and social conservatives as well as the Ku Klux Klan over a comment Lennon had made in a March interview with British reporter Maureen Cleave.
I needn't argue about that; I'm right and I will be proved right Jesus was alright but his disciples were thick and ordinary.
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